What is a Brain Computer Interface?
A brain computer interface is a device that allows those with motor or cognitive disabilities to control computers as well as other devices. BCIs translate brain signals with a variety sensors and recording techniques, as well as a signal processing algorithm and machine learning. They can be used to control a variety of devices, including the computer monitors that display cursors as well as wheelchairs and robotic arm.
Most BCIs measure activity from the scalp, such as electroencephalographic (EEG) or functional near-infrared imaging (fNIRS) signaling. The signals are then recorded by a sensor that detects the presence of brain activity and software converts them into operating commands.
In many BCI systems users must undergo a process of training to to produce signals that the system can recognize. For example, in a BCI that is specifically designed to type letters, the user must imagine moving his or her right or left hand.
The most exciting BCI breakthroughs involve implantable or invasible systems that can record directly on the neural tissue, instead of the scalp. These devices are more precise than noninvasive BCIs however, they require surgical intervention and pose some risks.
BCIs that are invasive are still in the early stages of development and patients should moved here be aware of the risks and advantages. BCIs can read neural signals that can contain sensitive information about health and behavior. Security of data and privacy is an additional issue. Some people oppose the technology due to ethical reasons, fearing that others could hack into and control their minds.